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A
ballistic missile is a missile that follows a
sub-orbital,
ballistics flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target. The missile is only guided during the relatively brief initial powered phase of flight and its course is subsequently governed by the laws of orbital mechanics and ballistics. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical
rocket engines of various types.
A missile may be largely ballistic but be capable of some evasive maneuvering, as has been claimed for the Bulava (missile) under development. In that case the term "quasi-ballistic" is sometimes used.
The first ballistic missile was the A-4, commonly known as the
V-2 rocket, developed by
Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under direction of Walter Dornberger. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on
October 3, 1942 and began operation on September 6,
1944 against
Paris, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II 1945#May over 3,000 V-2s had been launched.
A ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: The powered flight portion, the free-flight portion which constitutes most of the flight time, and the re-entry phase where the missile re-enters the Earth's atmosphere.
Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (
Transporter erector launcher),
aircraft, Navy and submarines. The powered flight portion can last from a few tens of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple
rocket stages.
When in space and no more thrust is provided, the missile enters free-flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles the highest altitude (
apogee) reached during free-flight is about 1200 km.
The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric
drag plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile
Impact force.
Missile types
Ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles.
- Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): range less than 1000 km; the three types of ballistic missile ever used in an attack were all in this category and had conventional explosives only:
- Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): range between 1000 and 2500 km
- Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM): range between 2500 and 5500 km
- Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): range greater than 5500 km, broken down into:
- Limited range intercontinental ballistic missile (LRICBM): range between 5500 and 8000 km
- LRICBMs are also known as Long-range ballistic missiles (LRBM)
- Full range intercontinental ballistic missile (FRICBM): range between 8000 and 12,000 km
- Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)
Medium to short range missiles are often called
theatre or
tactical ballistic missiles (TBM). Long and medium range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver nuclear weapon because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be efficient (though the US may be evaluating the idea of a conventionally-armed ICBM for near-instant global air strike capability despite the high costs).
The flight phases are like
Full range intercontinental ballistic missile#Flight phases, except that for a range less than ca. 350 km there is no exoatmospheric phase.
Specific missiles
's Agni-II missile (Photo: Antônio Milena/ABr)Specific types of ballistic missiles include:
Ballistic missile submarines
Specific types of ballistic missile submarines include:
See also
References
Bate, Mueller, White (1971).
Fundamentals of Astrodynamics. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-60061-0
Cirincione, Joeseph & Andrew Wade (2007). "Get Smart on Ballistic Missiles" http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/05/missiles.html The Center for American Progress
External links
- An introduction to ballistic missiles
A
ballistic missile is a missile that follows a
sub-orbital,
ballistics flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target. The missile is only guided during the relatively brief initial powered phase of flight and its course is subsequently governed by the laws of
orbital mechanics and ballistics. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types.
A missile may be largely ballistic but be capable of some evasive maneuvering, as has been claimed for the
Bulava (missile) under development. In that case the term "quasi-ballistic" is sometimes used.
The first ballistic missile was the A-4, commonly known as the V-2 rocket, developed by Nazi Germany in the
1930s and 1940s under direction of Walter Dornberger. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3,
1942 and began operation on September 6, 1944 against
Paris, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II 1945#May over 3,000 V-2s had been launched.
A ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: The powered flight portion, the free-flight portion which constitutes most of the flight time, and the re-entry phase where the missile re-enters the Earth's atmosphere.
Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (
Transporter erector launcher), aircraft, Navy and
submarines. The powered flight portion can last from a few tens of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple
rocket stages.
When in space and no more thrust is provided, the missile enters free-flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is about 1200 km.
The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric drag plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile Impact force.
Missile types
Ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles.
Medium to short range missiles are often called
theatre or
tactical ballistic missiles (TBM). Long and medium range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver
nuclear weapon because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be efficient (though the US may be evaluating the idea of a conventionally-armed ICBM for near-instant global air strike capability despite the high costs).
The flight phases are like Full range intercontinental ballistic missile#Flight phases, except that for a range less than ca. 350 km there is no exoatmospheric phase.
Specific missiles
's Agni-II missile (Photo: Antônio Milena/ABr)Specific types of ballistic missiles include:
Ballistic missile submarines
Specific types of ballistic missile submarines include:
See also
References
Bate, Mueller, White (1971).
Fundamentals of Astrodynamics. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-60061-0
Cirincione, Joeseph & Andrew Wade (2007). "Get Smart on Ballistic Missiles" http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/05/missiles.html The Center for American Progress
External links
- An introduction to ballistic missiles
